Born on 12 November 1931, Gregory Hancock Hemingway was the third and final child of Ernest Hemingway, with whom Gregory or “Gigi” would have a difficult relationship. Members of the Hemingway family had said that she was the most like her father. However, Gregory was not in any way an emblem of machismo, but rather an individual wracked by alcoholism, guilt over her belief that she inadvertently caused her parents’ deaths, and questions of identity and gender. Born with male genitalia, she had been considering gender reassignment surgery as early as 1973, finally having the procedure in 1995, after being married to four different female spouses and siring six children. While in public she often presented as male, she occasionally went by “Gloria”.

Her legacy lies in the revealing accounts she gave of her father in Papa: A Personal Memoir (1976), and how the similar personalities of father and child gave rise to a renewed questioning of the Noble Prize Winner’s sexual orientation and the macho persona he performed for the public. Ernest had said of his star-crossed child that she had “the biggest dark side in the family except me”.